Thought it would be helpful to outline the distribution of the R1b haplogroup. My own JONES surname haplogroup is R1b1a2. The counties (areas) with the highest per cent are listed:
Welsh (Anglesey) 89% n=88
Basque (French/Spanish) 88% n=67
Bashkirs (Turkic People) 86% n=43
Irish 82% n=222
Scots 77% n=61
Spanish (Minorca) 73% n=37
Dutch (Germanic West) 70% n=27
For those of Welsh descent...here we are...right at top! That Celtic genome it is.
Tuesday, December 15, 2015
Saturday, October 24, 2015
Discussing DNA - As A Genealogist
At the cellular level, the human species functions under the directions of DNA.(1) For each individual, this DNA is a unique combination of certain molecules passed down; half from father, and half from mother. This combination is held within a specialized structure called a chromosome.(2) There are 23 pairs of these DNA carrying structures, resulting in 46 total individual chromosomes. [22 pairs are called autosomes(3), and 1 pair is called germ cells, or sex chromosomes. Some get all the fun!] All lumped together, this is called the genetic material from which we all exist.
The purpose of these chromosomes are to deliver a correct copy of itself to each daughter cell. When these copies are changed from their original form, they are called mutations.(4) These mutations are permanent alterations that can be passed down the family tree, one generation to the next. These changes can occur at a single site (point mutation), or involving the insertion or deletion of a number of genetic sites. (variable or multiple site mutation) These changes, when recognized, have become "markers" among certain genetic groups that become a method of ethic identification. [haplogroups to haplotypes]
For the genealogist, the most important markers occur on 1) the Y-chromosome. [one of the sex chromosomes], 2) specialized DNA found in the ribosomes(5) of the mother in structures called mitochondria (6), and 3) on any other of those chromosomes called autosomes.
A series of drawings are shown which represent these concepts:
Y-chromosome DNA which is passed down from father to son on the "Y" sex chromosome -
Squares and circles are drawn to represent the male [square], and female [circle]. The mutation found on this chromosome is a single [point mutation] called SNP - pronounced "snip".
Mitochrondrinal DNA is inherited through the maternal line.
This collection of DNA is relatively small but necessary for the energy production in all cells. [For those interested this is called oxidative phosphorylation. Leave it up to all the moms of the world!]
The term is given as "mt-DNA" where "mt" stands for mitochrondrial.
Autosomal DNA are markers identified among the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. They are passed down from the ancestors as a group of markers. They are used to make generalized ethic determinations found among the families' prior generations. This is generally expressed as a per cent of each marker that occurs among the family group. It does not show a direct descent from their parents to their children, only distinct mutations that have occurred among family members of past generations.
Whew...what a deal!
* * * * * *
(1) DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid [pronounced = dee-ox-e/ rye-bow/new-clee-ick ass-id] At least from my Kentucky twang!
(2) chromosome [pronounced = chrome-o-zone]
(3) autosomes = any chromosome other than a sex chromosome [pronounced = auto-zone (s) ]
(4) mutations = the process where changes occur in the number or structure of the genetic material
(5) ribosome = a structure outside the normal location of regular DNA (in the cytoplasm) that is responsible for protein synthesis. This specialized DNA is found in the structure called the mitochrondria
(6) mitochrondria [pronounced = mito-condre-ah] = semi-autonomous organelle (in all cells) which produces the energy for life called oxidative phosphorylation [pronounced = oxy-date-ive phos-for-a-la-tion]
The purpose of these chromosomes are to deliver a correct copy of itself to each daughter cell. When these copies are changed from their original form, they are called mutations.(4) These mutations are permanent alterations that can be passed down the family tree, one generation to the next. These changes can occur at a single site (point mutation), or involving the insertion or deletion of a number of genetic sites. (variable or multiple site mutation) These changes, when recognized, have become "markers" among certain genetic groups that become a method of ethic identification. [haplogroups to haplotypes]
For the genealogist, the most important markers occur on 1) the Y-chromosome. [one of the sex chromosomes], 2) specialized DNA found in the ribosomes(5) of the mother in structures called mitochondria (6), and 3) on any other of those chromosomes called autosomes.
A series of drawings are shown which represent these concepts:
Y-chromosome DNA which is passed down from father to son on the "Y" sex chromosome -
Squares and circles are drawn to represent the male [square], and female [circle]. The mutation found on this chromosome is a single [point mutation] called SNP - pronounced "snip".
Mitochrondrinal DNA is inherited through the maternal line.
This collection of DNA is relatively small but necessary for the energy production in all cells. [For those interested this is called oxidative phosphorylation. Leave it up to all the moms of the world!]
The term is given as "mt-DNA" where "mt" stands for mitochrondrial.
Autosomal DNA are markers identified among the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. They are passed down from the ancestors as a group of markers. They are used to make generalized ethic determinations found among the families' prior generations. This is generally expressed as a per cent of each marker that occurs among the family group. It does not show a direct descent from their parents to their children, only distinct mutations that have occurred among family members of past generations.
Whew...what a deal!
* * * * * *
(1) DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid [pronounced = dee-ox-e/ rye-bow/new-clee-ick ass-id] At least from my Kentucky twang!
(2) chromosome [pronounced = chrome-o-zone]
(3) autosomes = any chromosome other than a sex chromosome [pronounced = auto-zone (s) ]
(4) mutations = the process where changes occur in the number or structure of the genetic material
(5) ribosome = a structure outside the normal location of regular DNA (in the cytoplasm) that is responsible for protein synthesis. This specialized DNA is found in the structure called the mitochrondria
(6) mitochrondria [pronounced = mito-condre-ah] = semi-autonomous organelle (in all cells) which produces the energy for life called oxidative phosphorylation [pronounced = oxy-date-ive phos-for-a-la-tion]
Wednesday, February 4, 2015
Haplogroup Geography
The various haplogroups have a distinct geographic distribution. The following figure shows this distribution in broad general terms as the "per cent" of the haplogroups for certain parts of the globe.
The highest per cent for the geographic area outlined at the top of the figure, is shown in blue marker. For example, haplogroup E is found in approximately 61% of those tested from "Sub-Saharan" Africa. This same haplogroup if found in 53% of those tested from "North Africa". Haplogroup J is found in 44% of those tested from the "Middle East". My "JONES" haplogroup R is found in 45% from "Europe", followed by 41% from "South Asia", and 31% from "Central Asia". For Wales it is found in 84%! Move over Wales, here comes the JONES surname. [Interestingly haplogroup Q is found in 95% of those coming to the American continent.]
The data is taken from my research notebook 225B (RN #225B) titled "Human DNA - Out of Africa".
The highest per cent for the geographic area outlined at the top of the figure, is shown in blue marker. For example, haplogroup E is found in approximately 61% of those tested from "Sub-Saharan" Africa. This same haplogroup if found in 53% of those tested from "North Africa". Haplogroup J is found in 44% of those tested from the "Middle East". My "JONES" haplogroup R is found in 45% from "Europe", followed by 41% from "South Asia", and 31% from "Central Asia". For Wales it is found in 84%! Move over Wales, here comes the JONES surname. [Interestingly haplogroup Q is found in 95% of those coming to the American continent.]
The data is taken from my research notebook 225B (RN #225B) titled "Human DNA - Out of Africa".
Wednesday, January 14, 2015
Haplogroups to Haplotypes
Our human genome has been around a long time. Since its beginning, any random, permanent change in the DNA molecule has been called a "mutation". A change in one nucleotide base pair represents a "point mutation", and is referred to in genetic lingo as "single nucleotide polymorphism" or "SNP" which is pronounced "snip". The Y-chromosome is the smallest of those DNA chains called chromosomes, and is least likely to undergo mutations among all 46. [ that male stubbornness I guess] Once a single base pair mutates, it becomes a distinct marker for that chromosome. This marker is then past along among the male descendants. These markers have been identified, and have come to be called "haplogroups". They have been labeled using the alphabet A thru T, with "haplogroup A" starting things off. The following chart shows these haplogroups starting around 60,000 BC.
As time has progressed, these haplogroups have undergone additional genetic changes, at various additional sites, involving multiple nucleotide bases. [Whew...can you keep that straight] These are again random chances but involve at least two base combinations next to one another (tandem) or at different (variable) sites along the DNA molecule. These additional changes among the "haplogroups" are called "haplotypes". The number of haplotypes vary, and those haplogroups with the highest number of haplotypes are shown in the figure above.
Haplogroup "E" has the highest number of haplotypes with 58. This is followed by haplogroup "J" with 34, and haplogroup "O" with 31. My JONES surname haplogroup "R" comes in forth with 29 haplotypes.
Now if you take the number of haplogroups and divide by the number of "1000 year of existence", you come up with a ratio of mutations per thousand years! For example, if you take haplogroup "E" with its 58 haplotypes and divide by 50 [ the number 50,000/1000 = 50] you get a ratio of 1.16 mutations per 1000 years. If you take my JONES haplogroup "R" [29 divided by 30,000/1000 ] you get a ratio of .967 per 1000 years. However, if you take haplogroup "J" [ 34 divided by 25,000/1000] you get a ration of 1.36 mutations per 1000 years. How about that...you get roughly 1 mutation per 1000 years for the haplogroups. Haplogroups to haplotypes...part of our human family tree.
Data taken from "Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree" from Genome Research and Family Tree DNA.
As time has progressed, these haplogroups have undergone additional genetic changes, at various additional sites, involving multiple nucleotide bases. [Whew...can you keep that straight] These are again random chances but involve at least two base combinations next to one another (tandem) or at different (variable) sites along the DNA molecule. These additional changes among the "haplogroups" are called "haplotypes". The number of haplotypes vary, and those haplogroups with the highest number of haplotypes are shown in the figure above.
Haplogroup "E" has the highest number of haplotypes with 58. This is followed by haplogroup "J" with 34, and haplogroup "O" with 31. My JONES surname haplogroup "R" comes in forth with 29 haplotypes.
Now if you take the number of haplogroups and divide by the number of "1000 year of existence", you come up with a ratio of mutations per thousand years! For example, if you take haplogroup "E" with its 58 haplotypes and divide by 50 [ the number 50,000/1000 = 50] you get a ratio of 1.16 mutations per 1000 years. If you take my JONES haplogroup "R" [29 divided by 30,000/1000 ] you get a ratio of .967 per 1000 years. However, if you take haplogroup "J" [ 34 divided by 25,000/1000] you get a ration of 1.36 mutations per 1000 years. How about that...you get roughly 1 mutation per 1000 years for the haplogroups. Haplogroups to haplotypes...part of our human family tree.
Data taken from "Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree" from Genome Research and Family Tree DNA.
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